Who were these people and what were the solutions? Who was the opposition and when was the battle decided? If you're going to tell me it was the Democrats vs t

Who were these people and what were the solutions? Who was the opposition and when was the battle decided? If you're going to tell me it was the Democrats vs the Republicans, then please explain why countries outside the US haven't made it happen yet. China is a country full of scientists and engineers and the opposition there is non existent.