Economies of scale are essentially a form of network effect (which is defined as a phenomenon where product gains value as more people use it). In addition, ev

Economies of scale are essentially a form of network effect (which is defined as a phenomenon where product gains value as more people use it). In addition, every example you had benefits from traditional network effects: Amazon is a two sided marketplace with sellers and buyers. Google connect searchers to websites, who in return allow Googlebot to scrape them freely (unlike your IP) - and also rank results by the way other users clicked.