The article doesn't seem to talk about it but many carnivorous plants lost part or most of their chloroplast genomes: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30629170/

The article doesn't seem to talk about it but many carnivorous plants lost part or most of their chloroplast genomes: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30629170/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30629170/ I.e., because they got their nutrients from animals they didn't need chloroplasts and the chloroplasts 'broke' over time. Chances are minimal to zero that carnivorous plants will regain chloroplasts. In a way, carnivory in plants is an evolutionary 'dead end' similar to parasitism, which is also often linked to chloroplast loss. Where could the plants evolve 'to' if they have no chance of getting energy from alternative (chloroplast) sources?