I graduated in 2018 from a pretty competitive school and the way they dealt with this was that the lion's share of most course's grade was exam-based, in person

I graduated in 2018 from a pretty competitive school and the way they dealt with this was that the lion's share of most course's grade was exam-based, in person, pencil and paper, proctored. Additionally, open notes were often allowed, and the tests were brutally difficult - I'm not sure anyone really could have cheated much in that setting. In project courses, I'm sure it happened a lot more, but I don't think many could have cheated in the program I was in, it was very difficult. They'd even have different versions of the test in the same classroom test, which I found a little annoying because sometimes version "A" would be easier than B/C. And then they'd never do those questions ever again. It was probably a lot of work for them but they took academic dishonesty very seriously and there was a zero tolerance policy. Everyone made very certain to cover their asses to prevent even the appearance of cheating.