Even if you are thinking long term though, it's a big risk investing in training up a junior, because the culture of have a "job for life" that previous generat

Even if you are thinking long term though, it's a big risk investing in training up a junior, because the culture of have a "job for life" that previous generations had is pretty much gone. People nowadys are much more likely to jump between companies than to still be in the same place a decade later, so there's every chance that the money you spending training up a junior will just benefit whoever hires them in a few years down the line. And sure, people say "well just pay them more" - but most businesses are never going to be able to match the salaries that the FAANGs and VC backed companies can - so training juniors has turned into a big gamble for them. Which is terrible for the industry long-term, but in the short term it's not really in any single company's interest to try and change that.