>All these papers miss the fact that our main evidence for dark matter (or something like it) is the cosmic microwave background. I see no mention on how this v

>All these papers miss the fact that our main evidence for dark matter (or something like it) is the cosmic microwave background. I see no mention on how this very convoluted model can reproduce it. I am not an astronomer, but IIUC (and I may not), the first evidence for dark matter was posited by Fritz Zwicky[0] in 1933 based on the rotational velocities of galaxies, work by Vera Rubin[1] confirmed Zwicky's hypothesis in more detail decades later. Since then Rubin's work has repeatedly been confirmed. And while Penzius and Wilson "discovered" the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) a few years before Rubin published her data, (again, IIUC) the CMB was not used as a reliable tool to look for dark matter until better quality data was gathered in the 1980s and 1990s. [0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Zwicky#Dark_matter https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Zwicky#Dark_matter [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Rubin#Rotational_curves https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Rubin#Rotational_curves Edit: Clarified prose.