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> most major central banks (that are considering it at all) are considering doing so in the form of CBDCs Other than the EU and UK, which other major CB is con

> most major central banks (that are considering it at all) are considering doing so in the form of CBDCs Other than the EU and UK, which other major CB is considering CBDCs alone? Numerically, most people I know in the space are heavily motivated by the Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) model both India and Brazil have been using, and DPI has been a hot topic in the DevEcon space for 4 years now. In fact, Indian and Chinese lobbyists now compete with each other across Africa for DPI related infra work (Biden admin even helped support India's evangelism of the Indian DPI model in ASEAN and Africa), and Brazil's Pix has seen significant uptake in Argentina and Uruguay. And most regional economies like Vietnam, Pakistan, Nigeria, and South Korea have similar implantations The big difference might be public versus private domain experience. In newer economies like BRICS and much of ASEAN, the infra and norm setting work fell onto regulators. But in more developed economies like the US, UK, or EU, similar developments could be done by the private sector.

c7b 2y ago
> Other than the EU and UK, which other major CB is considering CBDCs alone? The ones I mentioned, eg, Canada [0], China [1]. But it's really most of them [2], the US is rather the exception. [0] https://www.bankofcanada.ca/digitaldollar/ https://www.bankofcanada.ca/digitaldollar/ [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_renminbi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_renminbi [2] https://cbdctracker.org/ https://cbdctracker.org/
- alephnerd 2y ago
  China has backed UnionPay since the mid-2000s - the backbone is similar to that for UPI and Pix. And most of the countries on that list are either implementing their own payment infra or leveraging India, Brazil, Russia, or China's. It doesn't hurt to have a CBDC - it gives you a seat at the table when norms and global regulations are made.
  - c7b 2y ago
    There's a difference between what you call DPI (which I called payment system) and central bank money. A CBDC is both, Pix and UPI are only DPI sans central bank money (so neither is a CBDC). My point is that you can get all of the benefits of having DPI without needing to incur any of the headaches that come with central bank money (financial stability risks, holding limits, private sector opposition,...). I'm all for DPI, I'm just questioning the bundling with central bank money.
    - alephnerd 2y ago
      I agree with your skepticism about CBDC, but it takes little to no effort to implement your own CBDC, and in the small chance that they did somehow take off, then you have a platform you can export to other countries. > I'm just questioning the bundling with central bank money In most countries excluding the US, EU, UK, and Canada, the Central Bank also sets financial regulations and provides the infra backbone for fintech, and in some cases still own commercial banks. By having central banks attached to these projects, it helps build a testbed so private sector players can then extend on. Most countries aren't like the US where private sector investors are open to investing in innovations, so it would fall to the Central Bank to begin testing and implementing these products.
      - c7b 2y ago
        > By having central banks attached to these projects, it helps build a testbed so private sector players can then extend on. Again, you can get all of that without needing a CBDC, just have the central bank build and run a regular payment system. It gets substantially more complex once you make it a CBDC, making the chance of success even smaller. For what gain? You actually introduce some tangible risks for the financial system, the fact that it's regulated doesn't eliminate that. See eg [0]: "Threats to financial intermediation in steady state arise mainly in situations where the central bank balance sheet expands, and triggers adjustment mechanisms that lead to more costly or less stable funding of the banking system, while in crisis times run risk may increase." The typical way to address those risks are holding limits, which add operational complexity (you need an overflow logic, you need a draft logic if you want to enable payments greater than the holding limit), and put some limits on programmability [1]. [0] https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2024/10/11/Central-Bank-Digital-Currencies-and-Financial-Stability-Balance-Sheet-Analysis-and-Policy-556246 https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2024/10/11/Cen... [1] https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10628652 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10628652

c7b 2y ago

> Other than the EU and UK, which other major CB is considering CBDCs alone? The ones I mentioned, eg, Canada [0], China [1]. But it's really most of them [2], the US is rather the exception. [0] https://www.bankofcanada.ca/digitaldollar/ https://www.bankofcanada.ca/digitaldollar/ [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_renminbi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_renminbi [2] https://cbdctracker.org/ https://cbdctracker.org/

alephnerd 2y ago
China has backed UnionPay since the mid-2000s - the backbone is similar to that for UPI and Pix. And most of the countries on that list are either implementing their own payment infra or leveraging India, Brazil, Russia, or China's. It doesn't hurt to have a CBDC - it gives you a seat at the table when norms and global regulations are made.
- c7b 2y ago
  There's a difference between what you call DPI (which I called payment system) and central bank money. A CBDC is both, Pix and UPI are only DPI sans central bank money (so neither is a CBDC). My point is that you can get all of the benefits of having DPI without needing to incur any of the headaches that come with central bank money (financial stability risks, holding limits, private sector opposition,...). I'm all for DPI, I'm just questioning the bundling with central bank money.
  - alephnerd 2y ago
    I agree with your skepticism about CBDC, but it takes little to no effort to implement your own CBDC, and in the small chance that they did somehow take off, then you have a platform you can export to other countries. > I'm just questioning the bundling with central bank money In most countries excluding the US, EU, UK, and Canada, the Central Bank also sets financial regulations and provides the infra backbone for fintech, and in some cases still own commercial banks. By having central banks attached to these projects, it helps build a testbed so private sector players can then extend on. Most countries aren't like the US where private sector investors are open to investing in innovations, so it would fall to the Central Bank to begin testing and implementing these products.
    - c7b 2y ago
      > By having central banks attached to these projects, it helps build a testbed so private sector players can then extend on. Again, you can get all of that without needing a CBDC, just have the central bank build and run a regular payment system. It gets substantially more complex once you make it a CBDC, making the chance of success even smaller. For what gain? You actually introduce some tangible risks for the financial system, the fact that it's regulated doesn't eliminate that. See eg [0]: "Threats to financial intermediation in steady state arise mainly in situations where the central bank balance sheet expands, and triggers adjustment mechanisms that lead to more costly or less stable funding of the banking system, while in crisis times run risk may increase." The typical way to address those risks are holding limits, which add operational complexity (you need an overflow logic, you need a draft logic if you want to enable payments greater than the holding limit), and put some limits on programmability [1]. [0] https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2024/10/11/Central-Bank-Digital-Currencies-and-Financial-Stability-Balance-Sheet-Analysis-and-Policy-556246 https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2024/10/11/Cen... [1] https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10628652 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10628652