Current mainstream card payment systems allow for offline payments (at some risk) as long as the merchant terminal has intermittent access. EMV payment chips p

Current mainstream card payment systems allow for offline payments (at some risk) as long as the merchant terminal has intermittent access. EMV payment chips probably have enough compute and storage to do some sort of stored value application. With the right design, you could store transactions on the card and the terminal, and when using an online terminal, build a tunnel from the card to the issuing bank to a) report the card stored transactions and b) refresh stored value for offline transactions. You don't need a block chain, PKI should be enough. Especially in countries without 5000 banks and 5000 credit unions which are pretty much banks. Something like the US Military Eagle Cash Card: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Cash https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Cash although that is apparently being ended https://www.stripes.com/branches/army/2025-02-11/army-bids-farewell-to-eaglecash-program-16795338.html https://www.stripes.com/branches/army/2025-02-11/army-bids-f...