> In a narrower sense, the term refers only to those independent agencies that, while considered part of the executive branch, have regulatory or rulemaking aut

> In a narrower sense, the term refers only to those independent agencies that, while considered part of the executive branch, have regulatory or rulemaking authority and are insulated from presidential control, usually because the president's power to dismiss the agency head or a member is limited. Congress must confirm candidate appointees to independent agencies, otherwise they are not independent of the Executive. Can the President terminate Congressionally-approved nominations without regard for their service? They can. Is the President totally immune? They are not. When can't the executive pardon themselves?