Indeed. C has such a loose spec, and so many behaviors are allowed under either "implementation-defined" or "undefined" behavior, that it devolves into finger-p

Indeed. C has such a loose spec, and so many behaviors are allowed under either "implementation-defined" or "undefined" behavior, that it devolves into finger-pointing pretty quickly. Most other languages have tighter specs. I've primarily worked on implementing Java, JavaScript, and wasm, all of which have very tight specs. Then it's a lot more cut-and-dried whose fault it is. And I've had plenty of compiler bugs.