...unless it is. Compiler crashes are easy to see, but it can actually be nontrivial to identify miscompilations as they can only trigger in certain code paths

...unless it is. Compiler crashes are easy to see, but it can actually be nontrivial to identify miscompilations as they can only trigger in certain code paths and with careful observation you can notice the second order effects... If you specifically look for them you might find quite a bit: https://web.cs.ucdavis.edu/~su/publications/emi.pdf https://web.cs.ucdavis.edu/~su/publications/emi.pdf [disclosure: an author]