I often prefer code over math notation, but in this case, I find the math statement clearer - see Theorem 1 right at the start of this paper: https://arxiv.org/

I often prefer code over math notation, but in this case, I find the math statement clearer - see Theorem 1 right at the start of this paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.15882 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.15882 The paper says the mathematician James Grime helped "tiny up the proofs" - some people may recognize him from Numberphile on Youtube.