There's a great exploration of this concept in Permutation City, a science fiction novel by Greg Egan. In the book, a deterministic human brain is simulated (pe

There's a great exploration of this concept in Permutation City, a science fiction novel by Greg Egan. In the book, a deterministic human brain is simulated (perfectly) in random-access order. This thought experiment addresses all three of your arguments. I don't see why something that doesn't exist some of the time inherently couldn't be conscious. Saying that something's output is a function of its inputs also doesn't seem to preclude consciousness. Some humans don't have persistent memory, and all humans (so far) don't exist for 99.99999999% of history. I'm not trying to claim a particular definition of consciousness, but I find the counterarguments you're presenting uncompelling.