What you're describing is exactly correct - you need a more robust "typestate" system (I call them "annotations"). Most languages have typestates - where you ca

What you're describing is exactly correct - you need a more robust "typestate" system (I call them "annotations"). Most languages have typestates - where you can, for example, declare a variable without immediately assigning it a value, but that variable remains write-only until it is assigned to. But these typestate systems aren't very elaborate usually. I've recently been doing research on the (hypothetical) design of a language which has typestates that can cross function boundaries - you can call a function that annotates that it uninitializes one of its arguments, and then that reference you passed in is now considered uninitialized in your local scope.