That critique led to the creation of some function-level languages like FP and FL (nobody's ever heard of them): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function-level_pr

That critique led to the creation of some function-level languages like FP and FL (nobody's ever heard of them): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function-level_programming http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function-level_programming Most languages nowadays are value-level. The difference between the two is that function-level programs combine "sub-programs" into one giant new program. Value-level takes primitive types and transforms them into more complex types (I believe this is the same sort of complexity that Rich Hickey disparages).