Closest I can think of would be the original Pentium 4, which had double-speed integer ALUs where simple operations like addition would produce the low 16 bits

Closest I can think of would be the original Pentium 4, which had double-speed integer ALUs where simple operations like addition would produce the low 16 bits in the first half cycle and the high 16 bits in the second half cycle. A dependent op could immediately start using the low result before the high result was done to give effective 0.5c latency and throughput and 4 adds/cycle. Intel dropped this in the 64-bit capable revision of the P4, though.