Anyone participating in these types of discussions should start with a disclaimer whether they are talking about static typing, where types are largely equated

Anyone participating in these types of discussions should start with a disclaimer whether they are talking about static typing, where types are largely equated with classes (aka "class-based" programming), or message passing, where types are largely orthogonal to classes. The latter concept is what Alan Kay had in mind when he "invented" OO although arguably C++ and Java have really popularized OO as class-based programming.