If you are interested in a more nuanced way of comparing languages, take a look at: "On the expressive power of programming languages" Matthias Felleisen http

If you are interested in a more nuanced way of comparing languages, take a look at: "On the expressive power of programming languages" Matthias Felleisen https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016764239190036W/pdf?md5=b7dedd960214d9191929e6f41f5fd5be&pid=1-s2.0-016764239190036W-main.pdf&_valck=1 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0167642391... Abstract The literature on programming languages contains an abundance of informal claims on the relative expressive power of programming languages, but there is no framework for formalizing such statements nor for deriving interesting consequences. As a first step in this direction, we develop a formal notion of expressiveness and investigate its properties. To validate the theory, we analyze some widely held beliefs about the expressive power of several extensions of functional languages. Based on these results, we believe that our system correctly captures many of the informal ideas on expressiveness, and that it constitutes a foundation for further research in this direction.