This of course depends on your budget and what you expect to do with these models. For a lot of people, the most cost-effective solution is probably to rent a

This of course depends on your budget and what you expect to do with these models. For a lot of people, the most cost-effective solution is probably to rent a GPU in the cloud. The limiting factor for running LLMs on consumer grade hardware is generally how much memory your GPU has access to. This is VRAM that's built into the GPU. On non-Apple hardware, the GPU's bandwidth to system RAM is so constrained that you might as well run those operations on the CPU. The cheapest PC solution is usually second-hand RTX 3090's. These can be had for around $700 and they have 24G of VRAM. An RTX 4090 also has 24G of VRAM, but they're about twice as expensive, so for that price you're probably better off getting two 3090's than a single 4090. Llama.cpp runs on the CPU and supports GPU offloading, so you can run a model partly on CPU and partly on GPU. Running anything on the CPU will slow down performance considerably, but it does mean that you can reasonably run a model that's slightly bigger than will fit in VRAM. Quantization works by trimming the least significant digits from the models' parameters, so the model uses less memory at the cost of slight brain damage. A lightly quantized version of QwQ 32B will fit onto a single 3090. A 70B parameter model will need to be quantized down to Q3 or so to run entirely on a 3090. Or you could run a model quantized to Q4 or Q5, but expect only a few tokens per second. We'll need to see how well the quantized versions of this new model behave in practice. Apple's M1-M4 series chips have unified memory so their GPU has access to the system RAM. If you like using a Mac and you were thinking of getting one anyway, they're not a bad choice. But you'll want to get a Mac with as much RAM as you can and they're not cheap.