Although I have my frustrations with Python’s bolted-on type checking, particularly how clunky the type annotations can be at runtime (this type is just the str

Although I have my frustrations with Python’s bolted-on type checking, particularly how clunky the type annotations can be at runtime (this type is just the string “Foo | Bar | int”, good luck!), I think the pragmatic approach is working out pretty well on the nominal versus structural front. I.e. I can make it an error to assign a number in radians to a variable of type meters (NewType), but I can also construct a dictionary of the right shape and have it satisfy a TypedDict annotation. Or I can write a Protocol, which is the biggest hammer in the type system.