Separate reply to add: the US (or Canadian) rules apply in these regards to the use of US (or Canadian) cards in Europe, unless a particular merchant wants to b

Separate reply to add: the US (or Canadian) rules apply in these regards to the use of US (or Canadian) cards in Europe, unless a particular merchant wants to ban those. I suspect this is only sometimes legal for them to do, but more importantly, it’s often a bad business decision overall for businesses with an international clientele. So for merchants in any country worldwide, this problem has only been solved decently well if they want to region-restrict their cards.