The race condition bugs are typically hidden by different software layers. For instance, we found one that involves OpenBLAS's pthreads-based thread pool manage

The race condition bugs are typically hidden by different software layers. For instance, we found one that involves OpenBLAS's pthreads-based thread pool management and maybe its scipy bindings: - https://github.com/scipy/scipy/issues/21479 https://github.com/scipy/scipy/issues/21479 it might be the same as this one that further involves OpenMP code generated by Cython: - https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/issues/30151 https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/issues/30151 We haven't managed to write minimal reproducers for either of those but as you can observe, those race conditions can only be triggered when composing many independently developed components.