The horseshoe principle applies on the malice/incompetence dimension. Any sufficiently advanced malice is indistinguishable from incompetence. (Disguising ill i

The horseshoe principle applies on the malice/incompetence dimension. Any sufficiently advanced malice is indistinguishable from incompetence. (Disguising ill intent by as incompetent design is one of the strongest deniability approaches.) But also any sufficiently advanced incompetence is indistinguishable from malice. (A bad actor can fully compromise an incompetently designed system as well as if the vulnerabilities had been intentional.)