A couple of extreme examples: 1. I'm rolling two dice to try and get the highest total. I get two sixes. What is the chance randomness produces this? 1/36, abo

A couple of extreme examples: 1. I'm rolling two dice to try and get the highest total. I get two sixes. What is the chance randomness produces this? 1/36, about 0.027. This more than a two sigma result. What is the chance that this is caused by random chance? 2.7%? Nope, 100%. 2. I study the same thing in a million situations in parallel. I take the most extreme result and find that random chance can produce this one time in 1.7 million. It's a five sigma result! What are the chances this result is caused by random chance?