> I think C is more difficult that it should be I think if you view C as a cross-platform macro assembler it makes more sense. You can read the origin story of

> I think C is more difficult that it should be I think if you view C as a cross-platform macro assembler it makes more sense. You can read the origin story of the C language. The main author or inventor of C, Dennis Ritchie, intended to make a language that targeted the capabilities of hardware available at the time (circa 1972). The goal was to write a reasonably high-level language that did not create significant performance issues compared to assembly language or other languages available at the time. If you go back to that era (my career started in the late '70s) every computer manufacturer had their own instruction set architecture (ISA) and their own proprietary languages and tools (frequently variants of FORTRAN, COBOL, etc.). To make a cross-platform operating system (what we now know as Unix) the team needed a cross-platform language that could express what the hardware of the day could do. C models how almost all digital computers work at a low level, but not as low as the architecture-dependent assembly language. The authors of C and Unix did optimize the language and OS and associated tools, but they optimized them for the available hardware, out of necessity. They did not optimize for programmers who didn't know assembly language or struggled to understand pointers. C has remained relevant in part because of what you call inertia -- huge amounts of code already written. The language has evolved and changed over time, but not much, because the underlying principles of digital computers that C models have not changed much. > As you probably know, to pass a function as an parameter in C you have to use function pointers Yes. C does not have first-class functions. It doesn't have first-class strings or arrays either. C has primitive data types -- char, int, float, pointer -- that correspond directly to the kinds of things CPUs work with. Again the author of C did not set out to make a general-purpose language for application programmers like us. Languages with first-class functions already existed at the time (Lisp predates C by almost two decades). Functions don't exist at the assembly language level, so while C has functions it does not let you pass them around other than with pointers -- the same way it lets you pass "strings" around. Of course anyone used to using a language like Python or Javascript, which do not intend to model CPUs in a way that minimizes performance cost, will find C frustrating because it leaves it to the programmer to do things like get a pointer to a function and put it into an array. Many modern languages have syntactic sugar so we can pass functions around, which makes C look primitive and clunky by comparison. > I don't see a world where this is the optimal way of doing things I tried to describe that world. You can look at it a couple of ways. C comes close to optimally modeling ISAs, which rely heavily on indirection (pointers) and a small number of primitive data types. Other languages from the same era did that less optimally and we've mostly forgotten them. C also gives programmers just enough expressive power to write code that directly translates to assembly language but hides a large amount of CPU ISA-specific details. Compare how C passes an array of function pointers to trying to do the same thing from Python (to a C API). You probably have some helper functions that can handle the significant mismatch between Python data types and functions (in an interpreted language) to C functions, but if you had to roll that yourself it would look a lot more baroque and fragile than the C version. C abstracts CPU instruction set architectures just enough to make programming an order of magnitude easier without imposing a big penalty. Python, Javascript, and many other higher-level languages abstract and wrap C code to make programming easier as well, but impose significant performance penalties. Sometimes we don't care about or can live with those penalties, sometimes we can't, as in the problem you described in the original post.