I can say that location is not the only factor. Tried various English-using countries through VPN and failed to get a single ad. For instance, UK and AU had som

I can say that location is not the only factor. Tried various English-using countries through VPN and failed to get a single ad. For instance, UK and AU had some differences on the organic search results (e.g. those from ico.org.uk and oaic.gov.au) but still no ads. Personalization and device may matter though since Mac and iOS users tend to be more preferred target amongst advertisers, but I didn't get ads on my iPhone either.