"social cost of driving" and "vehicle mile travelled" are two key phrases that will lead you to research on various costs of car travel e.g. > The air pollutio

"social cost of driving" and "vehicle mile travelled" are two key phrases that will lead you to research on various costs of car travel e.g. > The air pollution-related damage attributable to driving, therefore, can be estimated at $10.7 billion to $41.6 billion per year – an average of between $93 and $360 per U.S. household per year.