It's all of the above. Most modern languages (including everything from Java to OCaml) don't fit neatly in any one box because they have added a bunch of featu

It's all of the above. Most modern languages (including everything from Java to OCaml) don't fit neatly in any one box because they have added a bunch of features from other paradigms that make multi-paradigm programming possible. Kotlin is that way to an extreme, because instead of strapping on functional features to an OOP core like Java did it was designed out of the gate to be all of the above. When I program in Kotlin I'm constantly shifting between "paradigms" based on what is actually needed in the moment. It's one of the best languages I've ever worked with for learning the strengths and weaknesses of different programming styles because it has such strong support for most of them.