https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357418662_Profile_Guided_Optimization_without_Profiles_A_Machine_Learning_Approach https://www.researchgate.net/publica

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357418662_Profile_Guided_Optimization_without_Profiles_A_Machine_Learning_Approach https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357418662_Profile_G... What exactly do you think PGO data looks like? The main utility is knowing that (say) your error handling code is cold and your loops are hot, which compilers currently (and so on). This is indeed unknowable in general but clearly pretty guessable in practice.