> this idea countries have that “this time we’ll retaliate and hit them so hard, they won’t retaliate and hit us back anymore” is what leads to endless escalati

> this idea countries have that “this time we’ll retaliate and hit them so hard, they won’t retaliate and hit us back anymore” is what leads to endless escalation in wars. So much historical evidence points to the contrary. A decisive defeat of the enemy brings a lasting piece. Insufficient use of force (nowadays often due to humanitarian concerns) leads to a simmering conflict that costs more lives in the long run.