In each case they are alike in certain respect(s) and different in certain respect(s). For example, in the first example, the apples are instantiations or exam

In each case they are alike in certain respect(s) and different in certain respect(s). For example, in the first example, the apples are instantiations or examples of the same thing. So they are alike in that regard. But they differ in other regards, most obviously in the bundle of matter that makes them up. In the third example, pretty much the same thing, with some additional detail. In the second and fourth examples, they are not examples of the same thing. But 'fruit' doesn't imply any species of fruit -- it's generic in that regard -- so apples and oranges share that genus while being different species. Being an apple and being an orange both imply being a fruit; but being a fruit doesn't imply either of the others.