Just for fun context, E. coli cell membrane potential is interestingly dynamic. Some waste is charged, so rather than forcing it out against gradient, the whole

Just for fun context, E. coli cell membrane potential is interestingly dynamic. Some waste is charged, so rather than forcing it out against gradient, the whole-membrane gradient is dropped briefly for a dump. With a florescent probe for electrostatics, you see E. coli cells flickering like (inverse) fireflies, with little swirls of charged waste during the flick-offs. And the difficulty of finding video of this to share with you, seems a not-small part of why science education content remains so dreadful.