Maybe it is "including linguistics" but most of the world's languages don't have the data available to train on. So I think one major question for NLP is exactl

Maybe it is "including linguistics" but most of the world's languages don't have the data available to train on. So I think one major question for NLP is exactly the question you posed: "Is there any other paradigm that we think can enable a computer understand language other than training a large deep learning model on a lot of data?"