Ah right! The other aspect of referential transparency is the lack of side effects. If we can do x := x + 1, then the expression x isn't referentially transpare

Ah right! The other aspect of referential transparency is the lack of side effects. If we can do x := x + 1, then the expression x isn't referentially transparent. If we relocate it from before the assignment to after, even though it refers to the same binding, it doesn't refer to the same value; the relocation doesn't changes its meaning. No imperative language can be referentially transparent, as such. But that's all the useful languages in which shit gets done.