The display controller, which handles the frame buffers and the video outputs, and the video decoding/encoding unit are two blocks that are usually well separat

The display controller, which handles the frame buffers and the video outputs, and the video decoding/encoding unit are two blocks that are usually well separated from the remainder of the GPU. In many systems-on-a-chip, the 3 blocks, GPU in the strict sense, video decoder/encoder and display controller may even be licensed from different IP vendors and then combined in a single chip. Also in the CPUs with intgrated GPU, like Intel Lunar Lake and AMD Strix Point, these 3 blocks can be found in well separated locations on the silicon die. What belongs into the GPU proper from the graphics-specific functions, because these perform operations that are mixed with the general-purpose computations done by shaders, are the ray-tracing units, the texture units and the rasterization units.