The problem with this analysis is that single system calls aren't the only way to invoke the operating system. You can also use an io_uring-style mechanism to

The problem with this analysis is that single system calls aren't the only way to invoke the operating system. You can also use an io_uring-style mechanism to batch your system calls. Or BPF to run mini-programs in the context of the OS, which is also a sort of batching. These don't have the same problematic overhead as system calls.