Solar electric propulsion. If you want to be really safe, you need to fly so low that you have to exert a few millinewtons of steady thrust to overcome inertia

Solar electric propulsion. If you want to be really safe, you need to fly so low that you have to exert a few millinewtons of steady thrust to overcome inertia lost to atmospheric drag. The natural orbital lifespan is less millennia or centuries, and more months or weeks; this is what keeps debris out of your path and out of having significant figures in any exponential growth equations. Ion thrusters can now do this continuously for a decade from quite small, inexpensive argon propellant tanks, and that sort of thing now flies on every Starlink satellite already for orbital adjustments, albeit with undersized propellant tanks. Do this right, low enough, and you can run something like a global cellular network with a million nodes without even having to think about avoidance maneuvers. Fly too high with too many satellites, and no amount of avoidance maneuvers per day will be enough. If you want to be conservative about human spaceflight, ban all large constellations above or at ISS altitude (or some arbitrary safety altitude); It's virtually impossible for debris to go higher, while all high debris will ultimately decay into lower debris.