Logical thinking is a good foundation, but one of its main problems is that it is rapidly overwhelmed in the real world by massive amounts of data and the need

Logical thinking is a good foundation, but one of its main problems is that it is rapidly overwhelmed in the real world by massive amounts of data and the need to make decisions even if you can't logic through the problem for a variety of reasons. So: probabilistic thinking. Logical thinking is a foundation here, probabilistic thinking done correctly still involves the basics of logic, but you may have to take what is in logic a huge net of propositions and data and collapse it down to a single number. Statistical thinking, which I will draw a for-this-message-only distinction (that is, don't reply with some angry denunciation of this difference, I'm not globalizing it) as when you have high-quality data and statistics can draw out some non-obvious conclusion. The previous paragraph is about very real-world situations where you don't even have high quality data and has its own flavor to it. This can generally be more specialized to people going into a science or engineering track; for most people what I am thinking of in the previous paragraph is already more than they are currently operating with. Financial thinking. Time value of money, investments, compound interest and the much less common understanding of why you can't just model it as "8% a year" in the real world because the black swans happen on large enough time frames, investment, information about basic business. This dips into politics as well with the ever-important question qui bono? There's also some generalized "planning thinking" that goes into this, like, if you want to be in a particular place in 10 years, how do you get there? e.g., in a particular job, in a particular relationship state, in a particular financial position, etc. I witness so many people who clearly have goals or desires for these sorts of things yet simply have no idea how to take such things down to "what do I do this year, this month, this week, today to advance that goal" with the result that progress is never made except by accident and the goals are so frequently missed as they just live day-by-day without advancing their goals. (Note I am not critiquing day-by-day living itself. I am not Type-A and don't plan obsessively. But I do try to make sure that if I have long-term goals I make progress towards them at a pace that means I'll get there.) Mathematical thinking; another specialized one that not everyone needs, but the basics of "starting from these axioms where can we go" and "given this real world thing how can I reformulate it into this mathematical system"? This is, by and large, not what is already being taught in school. Which is not necessarily bad on its own terms, but grinding through quadratic equations isn't really what I mean here. Not intended as an exclusive list. The main point is, to quote a great philosopher, "Logic is the beginning of wisdom, not the end." - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A4XPTmmvVow https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A4XPTmmvVow