As concerns over artificial intelligence (AI) grow worldwide, both the European Union and California have taken groundbreaking steps to implement comprehensive

As concerns over artificial intelligence (AI) grow worldwide, both the European Union and California have taken groundbreaking steps to implement comprehensive AI regulation frameworks. These initiatives, which come amid increasing scrutiny over the ethical and safety implications of AI technologies, mark significant milestones in global AI governance. On August 1, 2024, the EU's Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) became the world’s first all-encompassing regulatory framework for AI systems. The Act introduces a risk-based approach to AI regulation, classifying AI tools based on the potential risks they pose and setting clear legal obligations depending on their category. General-Purpose AI (GPAI) models, which are capable of performing a wide variety of tasks, face the most stringent regulations. Notable examples of GPAI systems include large-scale models like GPT-4 and image generators such as DALL-E.