I think the better question is why would someone expect them to be the same? I haven't worked on a WASM interpreter or JIT, but how often is it better to go thr

I think the better question is why would someone expect them to be the same? I haven't worked on a WASM interpreter or JIT, but how often is it better to go through multiple layers of translation instead of one? Translating high level code to WASM, or any assembly language, makes you lose a lot of the "intent" embedded in the higher level code. In lower-level code, you often see a series of language-specific idioms for accomplishing the goal, that may or may not have direct equivalents on your actual machine. In the case of modern x86-64, you have a ton of instructions that are far more powerful than what you can do in WASM. Decompilers exist of course, and maybe a list of macro-op fusions exists where a WASM JIT can do a relatively simple pattern match and get good native code (probably not though, and good luck with cross-platform optimization). And, LLVM is definitely not perfect, there's definitely low-hanging fruit where a post-processing optimizer could make improvements. So it is theoretically possible to make WASM faster than LLVM's native emit by doing something equivalent to an optimization step LLVM should have but doesn't at the moment. But I highly, highly doubt that you'd get just as good results without some seriously well-laid plans, which I doubt exist, or by creating a set of instructions which is, in effect, a superset of what target ISAs support. From what I've seen, it's a subset, so good luck trying to canonicalize the operations and merge them back together in real time. Not entirely impossible of course, but it would be a serious feat of engineering. Intuitively, if I wrote a book in English, then it got translated to a very different language that's also limited to only a few thousand words, then translated back to English, it wouldn't be exactly the same text. There would be concepts that have to be explained with a paragraph that, in English, would only take a single word. Getting my English back out would require a 1-to-1 translation of everything, or a list of paragraph-to-1 translations that both translators agree upon.