> The theory is known as "three cueing." The name comes from the notion that readers use three different kinds of information — or "cues" — to identify words as

> The theory is known as "three cueing." The name comes from the notion that readers use three different kinds of information — or "cues" — to identify words as they are reading. > The theory was first proposed in 1967, when an education professor named Ken Goodman presented a paper at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association in New York City. > In the paper,5 Goodman rejected the idea that reading is a precise process that involves exact or detailed perception of letters or words. Instead, he argued that as people read, they make predictions about the words on the page using these three cues: > graphic cues (what do the letters tell you about what the word might be?) > syntactic cues (what kind of word could it be, for example, a noun or a verb?) > semantic cues (what word would make sense here, based on the context?) This is interesting because this is fairly similar to how LLMs do next-token prediction, but using exclusively backwards-facing clues from the text (although perhaps also the graphic cues if you are talking about multimodal models).