>> The totality of all the observations we have cannot be explained in any other way than an expanding universe. If someone has a theory that incorporates "the

>> The totality of all the observations we have cannot be explained in any other way than an expanding universe. If someone has a theory that incorporates "the totality of all observations" then physics is over. Redshift explains most observations, no other concept even comes close, but there are certainly things out there that remain unknown that are not explained by redshift. Dark energy is such a monumental observation that every theory in cosmology must remain caveated.