I certainly understand the desire to redact identifying information, but the most plausible explanation is some censorship middlebox mandated by the specific co

I certainly understand the desire to redact identifying information, but the most plausible explanation is some censorship middlebox mandated by the specific country, and thus the country and law in question are highly relevant to why this happened. Also the specificity of the message means its likely that someone could still figure out which country you're talking about.