The only way to compare them is to run benchmarks on them and compare the results. This would also pick up on other things that can impact performance, like mem

The only way to compare them is to run benchmarks on them and compare the results. This would also pick up on other things that can impact performance, like memory, I/O, and other software optimizations. Yes, I'm suggesting that p-cores have more IPC. Each e-core occupies a much smaller area on the CPU die and uses far fewer transistors, and are claimed to have Skylake (~10 year old CPU architecture) levels of IPC. There are some very real drawbacks to build a core that uses less power than others. Also: https://www.techpowerup.com/review/intel-core-i9-12900k-e-cores-only-performance/ https://www.techpowerup.com/review/intel-core-i9-12900k-e-co...