These satellites have pretty sophisticated Attitude Determination and Control Systems, whose whole job is to measure and reject disturbances. I'd guess the torq

These satellites have pretty sophisticated Attitude Determination and Control Systems, whose whole job is to measure and reject disturbances. I'd guess the torque applied by the meteorite was found in the telemetry and they worked backwards from there. Here's a paper describing Gaia's ADCS (they use the acronym AOCS to mean the same thing): https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261710181_THE_GAIA_ATTITUDE_ORBIT_CONTROL_SYSTEM https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261710181_THE_GAIA_...