feels like a neural net could detect these by scoring and ranking the relevance of the content of a reference paper to the content of the paper citing it. maybe

feels like a neural net could detect these by scoring and ranking the relevance of the content of a reference paper to the content of the paper citing it. maybe it's time for a citizen science project to dismantle these academic fraud rings? they form networks that capture academic administrations and have significant downstream effects on policy and education. just by identifying the worst and most egregious offenders, leaving the merely dodgy alone, it could break up the hold they have on institutions.