Is there any defined way to do the math on this? I haven't been able to find even specific case examples showing which consumes less energy: turning down heati

Is there any defined way to do the math on this? I haven't been able to find even specific case examples showing which consumes less energy: turning down heating/ac when no one's home or just keeping it on constantly. I'm sure it's pretty complicated because buildings vary, but someone who understands heat transfer should be able to do it at least for a few ideal spherical cows... > daytime (nobody home) But that's so last century :) We WFH now.