The gains are dependent on how much time the workload spends in the kernel. The Propeller team showed 2% performance improvement over PGO+LTO in this LLVM discu

The gains are dependent on how much time the workload spends in the kernel. The Propeller team showed 2% performance improvement over PGO+LTO in this LLVM discussion post: https://discourse.llvm.org/t/optimizing-the-linux-kernel-with-autofdo-including-thinlto-and-propeller/79108/1 https://discourse.llvm.org/t/optimizing-the-linux-kernel-wit... More details about Propeller are available in a recently published paper: https://research.google/pubs/propeller-a-profile-guided-relinking-optimizer-for-warehouse-scale-applications/ https://research.google/pubs/propeller-a-profile-guided-reli...