> What about second-life use though for lithium batteries in grid storage? Scale and immediacy. We already have some places in the world that have an overcapa

> What about second-life use though for lithium batteries in grid storage? Scale and immediacy. We already have some places in the world that have an overcapacity of renewables, but still suffer from outages due to the energy market. And if the current exponential trend continues, we will reach renewables overcapacity world wide by the mid 2030s. We essentially needed wide deployment of grid-scale batteries yesterday to offset decommissioned baseload and curtail the use of peakers that can charge through the nose when power drops. There's a strong market for a dirt cheap, dispatchable, deep cycling, and scalable battery chemistry, esp. without the resource bottleneck of lithium supply. Sodium ion wins on all those counts even though it's still, relatively speaking, a nascent technology.