Ok, that makes sense then. I know that systems with non-disposable cards exist, and we also have one in the Helsinki metro area. I think our present system assu

Ok, that makes sense then. I know that systems with non-disposable cards exist, and we also have one in the Helsinki metro area. I think our present system assumes continuous connectivity, though. Now and then you see buses with the terminal in a non-functioning state. Ends up being a free ride. (You can also buy unlimited travel within a given zone for x days at a time, which is what those who use public transit daily usually get.) I think most people nowadays use a phone app rather than the card, though. But we also don't have gates at stations, and it's more of a trust and ticket inspections system similarly to what someone said about Norway. Japan has the Pasmo system which is weird in that it's actually more like a prepaid debit-style card that you can use not only on most public transit but also as a payment method at some shops etc. You can charge it using teller machines at stations. I can't remember the details, though.